More new handstamp types from Tiflis Vokzal

Well, sometimes eBay just exceeds all expectations. You will recall that I wrote about new, unrecorded types of Georgia's handstamp surcharges of 1923 that seemed to be used only from Tiflis Vokzal. Ceresa had already identified a 10.000 handstamp, and the late Peter Ashford had found an 80.000 handstamp, with a 15.000 handstamp added by me. All are characterized by a wide space between the last zero and the word "man" so this seemed to be a Tiflis Vokzal "house style". The question was if there were also Tiflis Vokzal types of the other two values, 20.000 and 40.000.
Cue eBay!

This is a loose stamp that turned up on eBay. Note the postmark! Here's a close-up of the handstamp:

Sure enough, an unrecorded type with wide space between the last zero and the word "man". To add further glee to what was actually a really good eBay week, the same seller also sold me this stamp:

NOT Tiflis Vokzal but the Tiflis-Dzhulfa TPO serial "zh" The handstamp?

Wide space between last zero and "man"... So I'm going to assume this is the fifth value of this group of handstamp types, since the link with Tiflis railway station is reasonably clear.

Who knew? Frankly, it makes me wonder what else is lurking in the (by now ridiculously large) number of Georgian handstamp issues I haven't looked at yet...

LATE UPDATE. As an illustration that I really should take a better look at the stamps I already have, it turned out that my hoard of used 20.000 stamps also contained a example of the Tiflis Vokzal type:

In praise of vanished countries

23 years after the fall of the USSR it's becoming hard to remember that the Baltic States were once considered to be "dead countries" by stamp collectors: countries whose stamp-issuing days were deemed to be over. Oops!
The atlas is just littered with vanished stamp-issuing entities. Not just independent/renamed/reshuffled colonies but entire constellations of countries which no longer issue stamps. Kenya-Uganda-Tanganyika anyone? (yes, this used to be one stamp-issuing entity...)
There is a parallel to this concept in postal history, even in the pre-stamp area. The map of Europe was just as unstable before stamps were introduced as afterwards, especially during the Napoleonic era.
Prussia initially did quite nicely out of Napoleon, thank you very much. Prussia gained enormous slabs of territory along the Rhine and became the largest of the reorganized "German States". But it all went terribly wrong in 1806, when Prussia decided enough wasn't enough and Napoleon opined that on the contrary, perhaps enough was too much! Prussia lost all territory West of Magdeburg and two new states were created out of the wreckage: the Grand Duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of Westphalia (not to be confused with the Duchy of the same name).
For Russian mail to the West, this was a disaster! Before 1806, Prussia could be relied on to transport Russian mail all the way to the borders of France, the Netherlands and (what was to become) Belgium. Now these two new enormous lumps on the map were in the way. The new states (which lasted all of 7 years) introduced new currencies, postal rates, town postmarks and transit markings, all of which have been admirably documented by obsessive German postal historians.
The first sign that Russian mail had run into a new border came at Magdeburg, where Prussia ended and Westphalia began. The Westphalians applied a new transit marking "PRUSSE P.M." which stands for "(from)Prussia via Magdeburg". This example is particularly crisp:

March 1809, St.Petersburg via Memel and Magdeburg to Frankfurt

The reverse reveals that the sender prepaid 13 gute Groschen foreign postage. Prussia kept 7 1/4 g.G for the Memel-Magdeburg trip and passed the remaining  5 3/4 g.G on to Westphalia (magenta notation at lower left). After that, things get fuzzy but Westphalia felt it got enough money to stamp the letter FRANCO and sent it on to Frankfurt.

This is a simple one: only one of the new states to deal with. mail to France and Holland had to pass through both Westphalia AND Berg and the resulting puzzles are maddening, particularly as borders shifted a few times...

But still! Westphalia may be a "dead country" but it offers a lot of postal history fun, even without stamps.

There were these two Norwegians....(not really)

If there's one thing I regret it's that my command of Russian is so wobbly. Simply not enough hours in the day to do much about that now, I'm afraid, and at least Google Translate makes life a lot easier. But it does make me prone to embarrassing linguistic blunders when it comes to Russian.
Having grown up in Northwestern Europe, I know the country of Norway as Norge (or Noreg, confusingly), and instead of Norwegian I'm inclined to think of Norsk as the adjective. So when I spotted the word Norskaya in Russian I fell victim to a classic faux ami: a word that looks familiar but means something completely different. In Russian, of course, the word for Norwegian is Норвежский...
And so to my two (non-)Norwegians. The first to come my way was Norskii Sklad in Eastern Siberia:

How odd: a Norwegian Warehouse in the Amur province! Must be one of those odd "colonies" you find dotted all over the Russian Empire. Well, no.... The PTO there was opened in 1916. Norskii Sklad is now simply known as Norsk and it's not exactly a Metropolis.

Then came Norskaya Manufaktura:

Of course, Norskaya Manufaktura (PTO opened in 1891) has nothing to do with Norwegians. It was founded in 1859 by the Khludov brothers as a factory of linen products in Norsk settlement, which later became part of the city of Yaroslavl'. The factory was renamed Krasnyi Pereval (Red Pass) in 1922 and survived all the way to 2011 when it finally went bankrupt. The building still exists and is now leased to smaller establishments, one of which has adopted the Norskaya Manufaktura name, I'm pleased to say.

Incidentally, the reverse of that cover is pretty too:

So no Norwegians. How embarrassing!

A matched pair

This pair of cards is probably unique in the postal history of the Civil War. On September 7, 1919, a mother in Simferopol' wrote to her daughter in Evpatoriiskia Dachi, the card arriving the next day. The daughter wrote back to her mother on the day it arrived, and her reply got back to mom in Simferopol' on September 9. Both cards are franked at 35k: the postcard rate for the Denikin regime during this period.

I defy anyone to find a similar matched pair of postal items from the Civil War period.

Soviet Georgia 1923: new handstamps

(Introduction: my old friend Peter Ashford passed away a number of years ago. We had corresponded about the Soviet Georgian handstamped definitives of early 1923, but it wasn’t until I acquired his collection of these stamps that I realized Peter had identified a new handstamp type that was unrecorded in the literature. This note is me acting as ghostwriter for Peter)

When the Georgian Socialist Soviet Republic switched to the Transcaucasian ruble in early 1923, the available definitive stamps – issued in 1922 – became almost completely useless. With postal rates in the hundreds of thousands of ZSFSR rubles, the five stamps with face values from 500 to 5000 rubles were clearly inadequate, and handstamped surcharges brought the stamps into closer – though far from perfect – alignment with postal rates.

Philatelists were quick to realize that multiple handstamps for each value had been used during this operation. How many handstamp types you recognize depends on your desired level of obsessiveness. The simplest subdivision is simply to talk of “large” and “small” types for each value, with “medium” thrown in if you want to get pedantic, but the truth appears to be more complicated than that. Various authors through the years identified different numbers of handstamp types:

Reference	10.000 on 1.000	15.000 on 2.000	20.000 on 500	40.000 on 5.000	80.000 on 3.000
Golovkin (1927)	3	5	5	3	4
Filatelia (19XX)	5	5	5	5	6
Ceresa (1993)	6	6	6	6	6

Peter Ashford had organized his very fine collection of these handstamped definitives by the Kohl handbook (which copied the information in Golovkin(1927)), but Peter had already spotted that there were more types than Kohl had published, as we would expect. Even so, it was quite a surprise to see a page in his album devoted to a subtype that appears to have escaped identification or recording by all other authors.

The handstamp type in question – an 80.000 handstamp -  is different from the 6 types identified by Ceresa and the Filatelia Handbook and is therefore a new seventh type. It is easily identified by the large gap between the last zero and the word “man”.  Ashford’s collection contained 12 examples: 8 loose stamps and a strip of 4. All are postmarked Tiflis Vokzal. It is hard to escape concluding this is a handstamp type that was only used at Tiflis Vokzal. Once I knew what to look for, I found a 13^th example in my collection, also postmarked Tiflis Vokzal.

The new "Type 7" for the 80.000 handstamp

All this is reminiscent of a rare 10.000 handstamp identified by Ceresa (his Type 4): only known from two loose stamps, both postmarked Tiflis Vokzal. That type is also distinguished by the large distance between the last zero and the “man”, so perhaps we are dealing with a Tiflis Vokzal “house style” here.

The next step was to look for examples on cover, and Robert Taylor came through with two items: a registered letter from May 1923 and a postcard from June 1923. The postcard also bore an 80.000 stamp with one of the previously identified handstamp types, so clearly this new seventh type was not the only type for this particular value to be used at Tiflis Vokzal.

Registered letter from Tiflis Vokzal to Germany, May 1923. 4 copies of the Type 7 handstamp

The registered letter has four 80.000 stamps as part of a 350.000R franking, and the examples of this new type 7 handstamp are the crispest of all known examples – early usage date? Of the two 15.000 stamps that complete the franking, one is one of the known types but the other is another unrecorded type, also identifiable by the large distance between the last zero and “man”.

The new "Type 7" of the 15.000 handstamp

So for 3 out of 5 values in this set of stamps, we have a rare handstamp type, which is only known used at Tiflis Vokzal, and only known so far in violet. Remaining questions are:

•  Were there also Tiflis Vokzal types for the other two values in the set, the 20.000 and 40.000 stamps?
• Does anyone have a mint copy of any of these stamps?
•  Does anyone have an example handstamped in black or any color other than violet?
•  Does anyone have examples of these types used in places other than Tiflis Vokzal?

"The early days of a better nation..."

23 years ago, philatelists were given a wonderful gift: the birth of 15 (or 16 or 17, depending on how you count) new nations when the USSR fell apart.
Yes, I know that's a grotesquely shallow way to look at an event that brought a lot of misery to a lot of people, but this is a philatelic blog, what do you expect me to write about, Sumerian grammar?
The new nations were faced with the giant task of constructing a functioning state out of the wreckage of the USSR. Some inherited structures were more hindrance than help - how many former Soviet republics found themselves saddled with a Soviet-oriented parliament?
Postally, the main ingredients were:

1. Outdated postal rates (7k letter rate of April 1991) which rose quickly after independence;
2. A large supply of USSR postal stationery, which was uprated - usually with overprints - on a massive scale;
3. A large supply of USSR stamps - mostly definitives - which were used without overprint, used with overprints and even used with manuscript revaluations;
4. Not much of a local logistical structure - new post-independence stamps had to be printed abroad quite often, and supplying stamps to the post offices was a continual headache, with stamp shortages the frequent result;
5. Sharply reduced control over postal operations, with speculators taking advantages of the chaos in many places.

This transitional period lasted anywhere from a few months (Russia) to several years (some Central Asian republics), and it gave us an almost infinite field of interesting things to collect. Whether the post-Soviet republics are indeed "better nations" is not for me to say, but speaking as a philatelist, YIPPEE!

Mysterious 1994 stamp booklets of Azerbaijan

Towards the end of 1994, Azerbaijan issued two topical sets: "Birds of prey" (5 stamps and a miniature sheet, issued 15 November 1994) and "Wild cats" (5 stamps and a miniature sheet, issued 14 December 1994). Both sets have since been spotted imperforate, but it is extremely doubtful that they were ever issued in Azerbaijan in that form.
A few years ago I became aware that both sets had also spawned stamp booklets. For both sets, a booklet was produced, with a block of 4 of the 20m value and a block of 4 of the 25m value. Both blocks are tied to the inside of the cover by the official First Day of Issue postmark. Here is the "Birds" booklet:

Note that the number on the outside is repeated on the inside, tying both blocks of stamps.

The "Cats" booklets exists in two subtypes. Low-numbered copies are in this format:

Copies with higher numbers are in a slightly smaller format:

I am not aware of any catalog that lists these booklets. I occasionally see them offered at fantastic prices (and they're certainly not common), but nobody collects Azerbaijan, he said bitterly. Print runs are guesswork only but I'd guess 2000 for the Birds booklet and 4000 for the Cats booklet? It's interesting that the two values used in the booklets had slightly higher print runs than the other stamps in the set, so perhaps this was a way of using up the extras.

I've heard some unsubstantiated rumors that these booklets were on sale at philatelic exhibitions where Azermarka had a stand, and that certainly makes sense to me. They look like official Azermarka productions, but they are not even listed in Azermarka's own catalogs...

The Ukrainian Trains of the 1920s

When the Kiryushkin & Robinson book on Imperial Russian Railway postmarks came out, many years ago, it was a huge step forward for all collectors of such postmarks, but for us who like looking beyond 1917, it wasn't much help. Soviet railway postmarks - particularly the postmarks of the 1920s - are mostly unexplored territory, and I don't know of any literature on the subject that is much help. (and if you, kind reader, do know of something, I'm all ears)
A few general trends are visible. The familiar oval postmarks stuck around for most of the 1920s, but more and more circular postmarks start appearing. In some of the union republics, bilingual postmarks come into being (I've seen Russian/Belarusian postmarks and no doubt others exist). And of course, route number assignations continue to change, just as they did in Imperial times. I have a list that attempts to extend the K&R list to 1945 but it's based on a spotty selection of postal lists so it's not very accurate.

Ukraine created a wholly new category of railways postmarks: the All-Ukrainian postmarks. These are postmarks that are wholly in Ukrainian, with not a sign of Russian, and they do not mention termini, being inscribed POSHT. (number) VAG. I've seen about half a dozen examples over the years - they're not common - from routes 47/48, 67/68 and 177/178. Here are a few examples:

Line 47 is also represented in a second group of odd postmarks. These are bilingual, Ukrainian/Russian, but their text is so sparse you don't really notice! Two examples:

I can't help but wonder if this was a uniquely Ukrainian way of sabotaging the imposition of Russian: reduce the postmark text so drastically that it becomes irrelevant if it's in Russian or Ukrainian.

All this is fun to collect, but they are really only small signs of a huge, bitter and lethal struggle going on in the Ukrainian SSR for the definition of what it meant to be a Ukrainian Soviet citizen: how much Ukrainian nationalism was allowed? People died over this, with the late-1920s purge of "nationalist deviationists" claiming thousands of victims.

But for a philatelist, it's fascinating!

Stories behind covers: Crimea 1918-1920

Sadly, the Crimea is in the news for all the wrong reasons at the moment. It's interesting to see because for years I felt I was the only person on the planet to be interested in the Crimea, but here we are... It makes me look at my Crimean covers with new eyes, I can tell you! Next month I'm exhibiting "Big trouble in little Crimea, 1918-1921" as a 1-framer at Westpex, so I'm in the middle of looking at, thinking about and describing of Crimean Civil war period covers. They're ALL interesting. Here's a 1918 example I really like:

July 1918, Sudak to Koreiz, via Yalta. Franked with the 25k rate that seems to have prevailed in Ukraine, the Crimea, Bessarabia, the Don Cossack area and the Kuban Cossack area, and probably a few more places I've forgotten. An internal cover from the middle of the Sul'kevich period, from one small place to another. Wonderful!

Here's a 1919 example that makes me smile:

April 1919, from Koreiz to Moscow, where it arrived on May 3. A very scarce sending from the short-lived Second Soviet Crimean period (April-June 1919), and sent during a brief-ish moment when mail to Moscow was possible. The 35k rate is a holdover from the previous, White administration: if these Crimean Soviets had been true Soviets it would have been sent post-free.

1920 is the really interesting year, mostly because 1920 mail from Crimea is so scarce. Here's one that continues to puzzle me:

There are three possible interpretations of this cover, depending on which postal rate you think was in force at the time. First, if you think the 70k letter rate was in force, this is either a 13-fold weight letter (13x70+70=9.80) or just a nonsense overfranking.

Second, if you think there was a short-lived 1-ruble rate in Crimea at this time (and I do believe that), then this is an 9-fold weight letter (9x1.00+1.00). 

Finally, if you think this letter belongs to the 5-ruble rate period, then this is simply a registered letter, correctly franked. However, I believe Alexander Epstein when he says this rate was introduced later, in June of 1920, and the postmark says April. 

There is a clue on the reverse:

A censor marking like this suggests Summer 1920 very strongly. So I'm inclined to think this is one of those cases where the date in the postmark is simply an error, and this letter was sent in June, July or even August 1920. Probably not much later since that 5R rate used up stamps quickly.

Is it any wonder I love the Civil War period of the Crimea?

Happy New Year!

And while we're at it, here are my resolutions for 2014:

1. Exhibiting. It's been quite awhile since I put together a serious exhibit. I'm working on two at the moment and I'm rediscovering how much fun it is. This will be an easy resolution to keep.
2. Writing. Working on a lengthy article on Soviet Special Post, and I'll probably do a few more. Some might even be on non-Russian subjects. *gasp*
3. Collecting: I need to put my Soviet Georgia in order. I have a ridiculous number of the handstamped surcharges and I have some ideas on how to analyze them. All it takes is time. Merging my collection with the (much smaller) Ashford collection of this area will also take some time, as Peter had organized his material according to the Kohl types.
4. Selling. I've been getting rid of a lot of stuff that I just owned without doing anything with it. I'll continue to do that this year. Besides, money.
5. Buying. If I can afford it I have some buying plans this year...we'll see.
6. Blogging. As and when, I'm afraid.